The architecture of an operating system is the way how its parts are organized and how they work together. Each part has a special role, and together they make the computer work smoothly just like a school has different departments that perform specific duties but work together for the smooth working of the school.
1.2.1 Kernel vs Shell
1. Kernel: The kernel is the core part of the operating system. That directly controls the computer's system software and hardware such as the CPU, memory, and devices, as shown in Figure 1.1. It decides how and when different programs can use these resources.
Example: When you open a file, the kernel manages the process of reading it from the hard drive and sending it to the screen. Like Engine of a car work is kernel and accessories like steering wheel, dashboard is shell.
11. Shell: The shell is the outer part of the OS that interacts with the user, also depicted in Figure 1.1. It receives commands from the user and passes them to the kernel. Shells can be: Graphical shells (like Windows desktop) where you click icons and use menus. Command-line shells (like the Command Prompt or Terminal) are where you type instructions.
Diagram image pending upload by Admin.